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What is dual citizenship?
Dual citizenship or multiple nationality means that a person is legally recognized as a citizen of two or more countries at the same time. Not all countries allow their citizens to have dual citizenship. Before seeking to obtain dual citizenship, always double-check whether your country allows dual citizenship.
What are the advantages of dual citizenship?
There are many benefits to becoming a dual citizen, from quality of life to global mobility.
Safety
Obtaining permanent residence in a stable and peaceful country can protect the applicant's life safety in the event of any political, economic or social unrest in the country.
Global liquidity
Many passports have very strict policies regarding visa-free movement, requiring citizens to obtain a visa before traveling abroad. A second passport can allow individuals from these countries to move more freely around the world.
See our Passport Index to find out the visa-free score for every passport in the world.
Business
For participants of investment residence programs, since they can do business in their host country and travel abroad more conveniently, they can obtain many new business opportunities.
For participants of investment residence programs, since they can do business in their host country and travel abroad more conveniently, they can obtain many new business opportunities.
Dual citizenship may be beneficial for tax optimization. For example, some countries only tax income earned in their own country and do not charge capital gains tax. This allows investors to manage their wealth more efficiently.
Quality of Life
Second citizenship can provide access to world-class healthcare, education, and a better quality of life.
How to obtain dual citizenship?
Methods of obtaining a second citizenship and passport include: birth, naturalization, marriage and investment.
born
Some countries allow non-residents to obtain citizenship if their parents were born in that country. For example, Hungary allows people who do not live in the country to apply for Hungarian citizenship if they can prove that their parents are citizens.
Categorize
Naturalization is the process by which residents of a country are converted to citizenship, usually by living in that country as a permanent resident for a certain number of years. For example, permanent residents of Canada must have lived in Canada for four years out of six years before they are eligible to apply for citizenship. People with temporary status, such as students and foreign workers, must first obtain permanent residency before they can begin counting years of residence toward the citizenship requirement.
If you wish to obtain second citizenship through naturalization, be sure to carefully check the requirements of the country in which you live.
marriage
Some countries have fast-track pathways to grant permanent residency to individuals married to citizens of that country, speeding up the time it takes to obtain citizenship. For example, Canada allows spousal sponsorship, which automatically grants permanent residency to foreign spouses.
invest
An increasing number of countries are offering citizenship or residency by investment programs to high net worth investors. Citizenship by investment programs refer to the process of obtaining second citizenship by investing in the country's economy. Residency by investment programs refer to obtaining permanent residency by investment, thereby accelerating the time required to obtain citizenship.
Which countries allow or recognize dual citizenship?
Many countries allow dual citizenship outright, while some only allow it under special circumstances. Below is Elton Capital's full list of countries and their dual citizenship policies.
国家 | 双重国籍 | 条件/例外 |
|---|---|---|
Dominican Republic | yes | |
East Timor | yes | |
Equador | Yes | |
Egypt | Yes | |
El Salvador | yes | |
Equatorial Guinea | Yes | |
Eritrea | No | |
Estonia | No | |
Ethiopia | No | |
Fiji | yes | |
Finland | yes | |
France | yes | |
Gabon | not involving | |
Gambia | yes | |
Georgia | No | It is only allowed if the president grants citizenship to a foreigner. |
Germany | Yes | Before applying for a second citizenship, a retention permit must be applied for in order to maintain German citizenship. |
Ghana | yes | |
Greece | Yes | |
Greneda | yes | |
Guatemala | Yes | Dual citizenship is allowed if the other country also allows it. |
Guinea | Not involve | |
Guinea-Bissau | Yes | Dual citizenship is allowed if the other country also allows it. |
Guyana | No | |
Haiti | Yes | |
Honduras | yes | Dual citizenship is allowed if there is a treaty with that country. |
HongKong | Yes | |
Hungary | Yes | |
Iceland | yes | Dual citizenship is permitted, provided the other country also permits it. |
India | No | |
Indonesia | no | |
Iran | No | |
Iraq | yes | |
Ireland | Yes | |
Israel | Yes | |
Italy | Yes | |
Jamaica | yes | |
Japan | no | Dual citizenship is allowed until the age of 22. |
Jordan | Yes | |
Kazakhstan | no | |
Kenya | Yes | |
Kiribati | No | |
North Korea | No | |
Korea | Yes | |
Kosovo | Yes | |
Iraq | No | |
Kyrgyzstan | yes | |
Laoos | No | |
Latvia | Yes | |
Lebanon | Yes | |
Lesotho | No | Dual citizenship is allowed up to the age of 21. |
Afghanistan | No | Former Afghan citizens who fled the country due to political instability or war and obtained new citizenship can still hold "unofficial" Afghan citizenship |
Albania | yes | |
Algeria | Yes | |
American Samoa | Yes | American Samoa follows the United States principle of dual citizenship |
Andorra | No | Spain recognizes dual citizenship with Andorra. |
Angola | Yes | |
Antigua and Barbuda | Yes | |
Argentina | Yes | |
Armenia | yes | |
Australia | yes | |
Austria | no | Dual citizenship by birth is permitted. Dual citizenship will also be permitted if it is in the interests of Austria. |
Azerbaijan | no | |
Bahamas | No | Dual citizenship is allowed up to the age of 18. |
Bahrain | no | |
Bangladesh | No | Bangladeshi citizens with foreign nationality and their children must apply for a dual citizenship certificate. |
Barbados | Yes | |
Belarus | Noo | |
Belgium | yes | |
Belize | yes | |
Benin | yes | |
Bhutan | No | |
Bolivia | Yes | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | As long as there is a bilateral agreement between the two countries. |
Botswana | no | Dual citizenship is allowed until age 21. |
Brazil | Yes | |
Brunei Darussalam | no | Dual citizenship is allowed until the age of 18. |
Bulgaria | Yes | |
Burkina Faso | Yes | |
Burundi | yes | |
Cambodia | Yes | |
Cameroon | no | Dual citizenship is allowed until age 21. |
Canada | Yes | |
cape verde | yes | |
Central African Republic | Yes | |
Chad | not involving | |
Chile | yes | |
China | No | |
Colombia | yes | |
Comoros | Yes | |
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) | No | Dual citizenship is allowed up to the age of 21. |
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) | yes | |
Costa Rica | Yes | |
Ivory Coast | Yes | |
Croatia | Yes | |
Cuba | No | |
Cyprus | Yes | |
Czech Republic | Yes | |
Denmark | yes | |
Djibouti | yes | |
Dominica | Yes | |
Rwanda | no | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | yes | |
Ecuador | yes | |
Egypt | yes | |
El Salvador | yes | |
Equatorial Guinea | Yes | |
Eritrea | No | |
Estonia | No | |
Ethiopia | No | |
Fiji | yes | |
Finland | Yes | |
France | Yes | |
Gabon | Not involve | |
Gambia | Yes | |
Georgia | No | It is only allowed if the president grants citizenship to a foreigner. |
Germany | Yes | Before applying for a second nationality, one must apply for a retention permit to maintain German citizenship. |
Ghana | Yes | |
Greece | Yes | |
Grenada | Yes | |
Guatemala | yes | Dual citizenship is permitted, provided the other country also permits it. |
Guinea | Not involve | |
Ethiopia | Yes | Dual citizenship is allowed if the other country also allows it. |
Guyana | No | |
Haiti | Yes | |
Honduras | Yes | Dual nationality is allowed if there is a treaty with that country. |
HongKong | Yes | |
Hungary | yes | |
Iceland | Yes | Dual citizenship is allowed if the other country also allows it. |
India | No | |
Indonesia | No | |
Iran | no | |
Iraq | Yes | |
Ireland | Yes | |
Israel | Yes | |
Italy | yes | |
Jamaica | Yes | |
Japan | No | Dual citizenship is allowed up to the age of 22. |
Jordan | Yes | |
Kazakhstan | no | |
Kenya | Yes | |
Kiribati | no | |
North Korea | no | |
Korea | Yes | |
Kosovo | yes | |
Kuwait | No | |
Kyrgyzstan | Yes | |
Laos | No | |
Latvia | yes | |
Lebanon | Yes | |
Lesotho | No | Dual citizenship is allowed up to the age of 21. |
Afghanistan | No | Former Afghan citizens who fled the country due to political instability or war and obtained new citizenship can still hold "unofficial" Afghan citizenship |
Albania | Yes | |
国家 | 双重国籍 | 条件/例外 |
|---|---|---|
Yemen | yes | Dual citizenship is permitted, provided prior permission is obtained. |
Zambia | yes | |
Zimbabwe | yes | Dual citizenship by birth is permitted. |
saint lucia | yes | |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | yes | |
Samoa | yes | |
san marino | no | |
Sao Tome and Principe | no | |
Saudi Arabia | no | |
Scotland | yes | |
Senegal | not involving | |
Serbia | yes | |
Seychelles | yes | |
Sierra Leone | yes | |
Singapore | no | |
Slovakia | no | |
slovenia | yes | Multiple citizenship by birth or descent is permitted. |
solomon islands | no | Multiple citizenship by birth or descent is permitted. |
somalia | yes | |
South Africa | yes | Dual citizenship is permitted only with prior permission to retain South African citizenship. |
South Sudan | yes | |
Spain | yes | Dual citizenship is permitted if the intention to maintain Spanish nationality is declared within 3 years of acquiring foreign nationality. |
Sri Lanka | yes | A reservation application must be submitted to be allowed dual citizenship. |
Sudan | yes | |
Surinam | no | |
Eswatini | no | |
Sweden | yes | |
Switzerland | yes | Dual citizenship is permitted, provided that the other country does not require the original citizenship to be revoked. |
Syria | yes | |
Taiwan | yes | |
Tajikistan | yes | Dual citizens will be considered as citizens of Tajikistan only. |
Tanzania | no | Dual citizenship is allowed until the age of 18. |
Thailand | yes | |
Tibet | yes | |
Togo | no | |
Tonga | yes | |
Trinidad and Tobago | yes | Citizens of Trinidad and Tobago are allowed dual citizenship by birth or descent. |
Tunisia | yes | |
turkey | yes | |
Turkmenistan | no | |
Tuvalu | not involving | |
Uganda | yes | |
Ukraine | no | |
United Arab Emirates | yes | |
U.K. | yes | |
USA | yes | |
Uruguay | yes | |
Uzbekistan | no | |
Vanuatu | no | |
Vatican City | yes | |
Venezuela | yes | |
Vietnam | yes | |
The British Virgin Islands | yes | |
Liberia | no | Dual citizenship is allowed until adulthood. |
Libya | no | |
Liechtenstein | no | |
Lithuania | yes | Dual citizenship is permitted in certain specific circumstances. |
Luxembourg | yes | |
Macao | yes | |
Macedonia | yes | |
Madagascar | no | |
Malawi | no | Dual citizenship is allowed until the age of 22. |
Malaysia | no | |
Maldives | no | |
Mali | yes | |
malta | yes | |
Marshall Islands | no | |
mauritania | no | |
Mauritius | yes | |
Mexico | yes | |
Micronesia | no | Dual citizenship is allowed until the age of 18. |
Moldova | yes | |
Monaco | no | |
Mongolia | no | |
Montenegro | no | Dual citizenship is permitted, provided there is a bilateral treaty with a country. |
Morocco | yes | |
Mozambique | no | |
Myanmar, Burma | no | |
Namibia | yes | Dual citizenship is only available to Namibian citizens by birth. |
Nauru | yes | |
Nepal | no | |
Netherlands | no | Dual citizenship is allowed if you were born in another country and acquired nationality as a result, or lived there as a minor, or if you automatically acquired the nationality of your spouse. |
New Zealand | yes | |
Nicaragua | yes | |
Niger | yes | |
Nigeria | yes | Nigeria allows its citizens to acquire dual citizenship by birth. |
Norway | no | If the original nationality cannot be renounced, dual nationality is permitted. |
Oman | no | |
Pakistan | yes | It is limited to the 18 countries with which it has reached an agreement. |
Palau | no | Dual citizenship is allowed until age 21. |
Palestinian Territory | not involving | |
Panama | yes | |
papua new guinea | yes | |
Paraguay | yes | Multiple nationality by birth or descent is permitted where there is an international treaty. |
Peru | yes | |
the Philippines | no | |
Poland | yes | |
Portugal | yes | |
Qatar | no | |
Romania | yes | |
The Russian Federation | yes | |
*The above list is compiled by Global Migration Consultancy through extensive research. Not all countries are listed. If you need our list to be updated, please feel free to contact us.
Does the country allow multiple citizenship?
Some countries do allow their citizens to hold more than one citizenship. Check your country's government website or embassy to find out if multiple citizenship is allowed. The above list from Global Immigration Consulting Services Ltd. will tell you if dual citizenship is recognized.
What can Global Migration Consultancy do for you?
Global Migration Consultancy helps individuals and families become global citizens. We are a financial advisory firm specializing in residence and citizenship investment programs, and we consider ourselves to be the most important link between dreams and reality. We provide a customized service experience supported and sustained by long-term partnerships. Global Migration Consultancy plays a key role in empowering governments, consultants, legal and financial professionals, and investors to achieve their goals efficiently, effectively, and responsibly.